Fluid & Electrolytes: ECG & Clinical Management Quiz
Mastering ECG Interpretation and Electrolyte Imbalances is the hallmark of a skilled nurse. In today's Daily Mock Test, we focus on the critical relationship between cardiac rhythms and body fluids.
This quiz covers high-yield questions on Hyperkalemia vs. Hypokalemia and their specific ECG changes (Peaked T Waves, U Waves). We also discuss classic signs of Hypocalcemia (Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s Signs), Hypernatremia, and management of life-threatening Arrhythmias like Ventricular Fibrillation. Prepare for AIIMS NORCET Skill Tests and NCLEX scenarios with these solved MCQs.
Critical Care: ECG & Electrolytes
Q1.uestion: Which specific ECG change is most characteristic of severe Hyperkalemia?
A. Prominent U waves
B. ST-segment depression
C. Tall, peaked T waves
D. Widened QRS complex
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because elevated serum potassium (>5.5 mEq/L) speeds up repolarization, resulting in tall, narrow, peaked T waves. Option A is seen in Hypokalemia. Option B is seen in ischemia or Digoxin effect. Option D (Widened QRS) is also seen in severe hyperkalemia but tall, peaked T waves appear earlier and are more characteristic.
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Q2.uestion: A nurse is assessing a patient for Hypocalcemia. Eliciting a positive Trousseau's sign involves:
A. Inflating a BP cuff above systolic pressure for 3 minutes
B. Tapping the facial nerve anterior to the earlobe
C. Dorsiflexing the foot to check for pain
D. Stroking the sole of the foot
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Trousseau's sign is carpopedal spasm induced by ischemia when a BP cuff is inflated above systolic pressure. Option B describes Chvostek's sign. Option C describes Homan's sign (for DVT). Option D describes the Babinski reflex.
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Q3.uestion: Which specific ECG change is most characteristic of severe Hyperkalemia?
A. Prominent U waves
B. ST-segment depression
C. Tall, peaked T waves
D. Widened QRS complex
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because elevated serum potassium (>5.5 mEq/L) speeds up repolarization, resulting in tall, narrow, peaked T waves. Option A is seen in Hypokalemia. Option B is seen in ischemia or Digoxin effect. Option D (Widened QRS) is also seen in severe hyperkalemia but tall, peaked T waves appear earlier and are more characteristic.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q4.uestion: A nurse is assessing a patient for Hypocalcemia. Eliciting a positive Trousseau's sign involves:
A. Inflating a BP cuff above systolic pressure for 3 minutes
B. Tapping the facial nerve anterior to the earlobe
C. Dorsiflexing the foot to check for pain
D. Stroking the sole of the foot
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Trousseau's sign is carpopedal spasm induced by ischemia when a BP cuff is inflated above systolic pressure. Option B describes Chvostek's sign. Option C describes Homan's sign (for DVT). Option D describes the Babinski reflex.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q5.uestion: The normal duration of one small square on a standard ECG paper running at 25 mm/sec is:
A. 0.04 seconds
B. 0.10 seconds
C. 0.20 seconds
D. 1.0 second
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct because standard ECG paper speed is 25 mm/sec. Each small box is 1 mm, which represents 0.04 seconds. One large box (5 small boxes) represents 0.20 seconds (Option C).
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q6.uestion: Which electrolyte imbalance is a major risk for a patient with a Nasogastric (NG) tube attached to low intermittent suction?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Metabolic Acidosis
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: D
Rationale: Answer D is correct because gastric secretions are rich in potassium and hydrogen ions. Suctioning removes these, leading to Hypokalemia and Metabolic Alkalosis. Option C is incorrect; suction causes alkalosis, not acidosis.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q7.uestion: In an ECG, the QRS complex primarily represents:
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Ventricular repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization
D. Atrial repolarization
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because the QRS complex corresponds to the spread of electrical impulse through the ventricles (depolarization), leading to contraction. Option A is the P wave. Option B is the T wave.
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Q8.uestion: A patient is receiving Magnesium Sulfate therapy. Which finding indicates magnesium toxicity?
A. Absence of Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)
B. Hyperactive reflexes
C. Hypertension
D. Tachycardia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Magnesium acts as a CNS depressant. The first sign of toxicity is the loss of patellar reflexes (DTRs), followed by respiratory depression. Option B (Hyperactive reflexes) is seen in Hypomagnesemia.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q9.uestion: The presence of a "Saw-tooth" pattern of P waves (F waves) on an ECG is diagnostic for:
A. Atrial Fibrillation
B. Atrial Flutter
C. Ventricular Tachycardia
D. Premature Ventricular Contractions
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Atrial Flutter presents with regular, saw-tooth shaped flutter waves (F waves) usually at a rate of 250-350 bpm. Atrial Fibrillation (Option A) shows a chaotic, irregular baseline with no discernible P waves.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q10.uestion: What is the normal serum range for Sodium?
A. 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
B. 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL
C. 135 – 145 mEq/L
D. 98 – 106 mEq/L
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Sodium is the major extracellular cation with a strict normal range of 135-145 mEq/L. Option A is Potassium. Option B is Calcium. Option D is Chloride.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q11.uestion: When placing ECG leads, the V4 electrode is positioned at the:
A. 4th Intercostal space, right sternal border
B. 5th Intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line
C. 5th Intercostal space, anterior axillary line
D. 4th Intercostal space, left sternal border
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. V4 is placed at the intersection of the 5th intercostal space and the left mid-clavicular line. Option A is V1. Option D is V2. Option C is V5.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q12.uestion: The appearance of a prominent "U wave" following the T wave on an ECG is classically associated with:
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyperkalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Hypokalemia (Low Potassium) delays ventricular repolarization, often causing the emergence of a U wave. Hyperkalemia (Option D) causes peaked T waves.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q13.uestion: Which clinical sign is elicited by tapping the facial nerve anterior to the earlobe, resulting in a twitch of the facial muscles?
A. Trousseau's sign
B. Chvostek's sign
C. Homan's sign
D. Kernig's sign
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Chvostek's sign is a classic indicator of Hypocalcemia (low serum calcium). Option A (Trousseau's) is also for hypocalcemia but involves the BP cuff. Option C is for DVT. Option D is for meningitis.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q14.uestion: In a normal ECG, the PR interval represents the time taken for the impulse to travel from the SA node to the ventricles. What is its normal duration?
A. 0.04 to 0.10 seconds
B. 0.06 to 0.12 seconds
C. 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
D. 0.20 to 0.40 seconds
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. The normal PR interval is 0.12 to 0.20 seconds (3 to 5 small squares). A duration longer than 0.20 seconds indicates a First-Degree Heart Block.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q15.uestion: Which of the following is the most dangerous complication of administering Potassium Chloride (KCl) via direct IV push?
A. Cardiac Arrest
B. Respiratory Depression
C. Renal Failure
D. Pulmonary Edema
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Never give Potassium IV push. It causes immediate, fatal cardiac arrhythmias (Cardiac Arrest) due to sudden hyperkalemia affecting the heart's electrical conduction. It must always be diluted and infused slowly.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q16.uestion: The "Saw-tooth" pattern on an ECG is characteristic of Atrial Flutter. However, a chaotic, wavy baseline with no discernible P waves indicates:
A. Sinus Tachycardia
B. Ventricular Tachycardia
C. First Degree Block
D. Atrial Fibrillation
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: D
Rationale: Answer D is correct. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is characterized by an irregular rhythm and the absence of distinct P waves, replaced by fibrillatory waves. This carries a high risk of clot formation.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q17.uestion: A patient presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L. This condition is known as:
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Hyponatremia is defined as Serum Sodium < 135 mEq/L. Severe hyponatremia (<125 0.04="" 0.04s="" 0.06="" 0.08="" 0.10="" 0.12="" 0.20="" 0.24="" 0.45="" 0.9="" 1.5="" 10.5="" 100="" 10="" 12-lead="" 135="" 145="" 1="" 2.5="" 3.5="" 300="" 3="" 4th="" 5.0="" 5.1="" 5="" 5th="" 6="" 7.5="" 8.5="" 90="" a.="" a="" absence="" absent="" absorption.="" achycardia="" acid="" acidosis.="" activity.="" activity="" actor="" acts="" actual="" adenosine="" administer="" administered="" administering:="" administration="" affects="" aline="" alkalosis="" all="" an="" and="" answer:="" answer="" anticipate="" are="" arm="" arrest="" arrhythmia.="" arrhythmia="" as:="" as="" asix="" associated="" asystole="" at="" athological="" atrial="" atropine="" augmented="" av="" avf="" avl="" avr="" ayexalate="" b.="" b="" back="" bags="" balance="" baseline="" be="" beats="" because="" bed="" beginning="" between="" bicarbonate="" bind="" binding="" bipolar="" bleeding="" block="" blocks="" blood="" blows="" body.="" body="" border="" bounding="" boxes="" bpm="" bradycardia="" branch="" breathing="" bundle="" but="" by:="" by="" c.="" c="" calcium.="" calcium="" can="" carbonic="" cardiac="" cardioversion="" cascade="" cation-exchange="" cation.="" cation="" cause="" causes="" causing="" cautiously="" cell="" cells="" cerebral="" chaotic="" characterized="" chest="" chloride="" choice="" citrate="" classic="" clinical="" clotting="" co2="" coagulation="" coma.="" common="" commonly="" compensate="" complex="" complexes="" complication.="" condition.="" condition="" conduction="" confusion="" consecutive="" considered="" consistently="" contribute="" converting="" copd="" correct.="" correct="" counting="" cpr="" cramps="" critical="" current="" d.="" d5w="" d="" de="" dead="" decrease="" decreasing="" deep="" deeper="" defibrillation="" deficiency="" deficit="" defined="" degree="" dehydration="" delay="" denosine="" depolarization="" depression="" develop:="" dextrose="" diagnosis="" digoxin="" distended="" distinct="" diuretics="" dividing="" dl.="" dl="" does="" drives="" drops="" drug="" duration="" dysrhythmias.="" e.g.="" ecg="" edema="" effective="" effectively="" efibrillation="" ehydration="" electrical="" electrode="" electrolyte="" elevation="" emergency="" end="" enhances="" epinephrine="" espiratory="" essential="" eutral="" even="" excess="" excessive="" exchanging="" excitability="" excrete="" excreting="" extracellular="" extrose="" failure.="" failure="" faster="" feces.="" fibrillation="" finding="" first-degree="" flat="" flow="" fluctuate="" fluid="" fluids="" following="" for="" from="" generally="" given="" gluconate="" greater="" ground="" gut="" hallmark="" has="" have="" heart.="" heart="" helps="" heparin="" hest="" high="" hock="" horizontal="" hr="300/3" hydration="" hypercalcemia.="" hypercalcemia="" hyperkalemia.="" hyperkalemia="" hypermagnesemia="" hypernatremia="" hypertonic.="" hypertonic="" hypertrophy="" hyperventilation="" hypocalcemia="" hypoglycemia.="" hypokalemia="" hypomagnesemia="" hyponatremia="" hypophosphatemia="" hypotension="" hypotonic.="" hypotonic="" i="" ib="" ics="" if="" ii="" iii="" imbalance="" immediate="" implement="" important="" in="" increase="" increased="" increases="" increasing="" indicates:="" indicates="" indicating="" infarction.="" infarction="" injury="" inside="" insulin="" intercostal="" interference="" interval.="" interval="" intervals="" intervention="" intestines="" into="" intracellular="" inverse="" inversion="" involves="" irregular="" is:="" is="" ischemia.="" ischemia="" isolation="" isotonic.="" it="" iv="" k="" kayexalate="" kidneys="" known="" large="" lead="" leading="" leads.="" leads="" left="" leg="" less="" lethal="" level="" levels.="" levels="" life-threatening="" likely="" limb="" line="" lkalosis="" loop="" low="" lower="" luid="" magnesium="" maintain="" maintained="" major="" making="" manifestations="" margin="" measured="" medication="" meq="" method="" mg="" mid-axillary="" mid-clavicular="" minimize="" monitoring="" most="" multiple="" muscle="" myocardial="" nacl="" narrow="" neck="" necrosis="" needles="" neuromuscular="" no="" node="" normal="" normally="" not="" number="" nurse="" nxiety="" of:="" of="" off="" often="" old="" on="" only="" opioid="" option="" options="" or="" orally="" ormal="" orsades="" osmolarity="" output.="" output="" outside="" overdose="" overload.="" ow="" p="" paralysis="" paresthesia="" paroxysmal="" part="" past="" pathologic="" patient="" ph="" phosphate="" phosphorus="" pins="" placed="" plasma="" pointes="" polymorphic="" polystyrene="" potassium.="" potassium="" pr="" precaution="" precautions="" precordial="" precordium="" predisposing="" present="" pressure="" prevents="" primary="" priority="" progress="" prolonged="" prolongs="" protects="" prothrombin="" provide="" ption="" pulmonary="" pulse="" pulseless="" pump.="" push.="" q="" qrs="" qt="" question:="" r-r="" r="" raise="" range="" rapid="" rapidly="" rate="" rationale:="" 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tented="" terminating="" tetany="" than:="" than="" the:="" the="" therapeutic="" these="" they="" thiazide="" thiazides="" third-degree="" third="" this="" thrombin="" through="" time="" tissue="" to="" together="" torsades="" total="" toxicity="" tracing.="" transmission="" treated="" treating="" treatment="" treatments="" turgor="" two="" type="" typically="" unsynchronized="" up="" urine.="" urosemide="" used="" v1="" v2="" v3="" v4="" v5="" v6="" vectors.="" veins="" ventricular="" versa.="" vfib="" via="" vice="" view="" vitamin="" volume="" wall="" water="" wave="" waves.="" waves="" weakness="" when="" which="" wide="" widened="" wider="" will:="" with="" worsen="" would="" yocardial="" ypertonic="" yperventilation="" ypotension="">0.20 seconds) that is constant. Every P wave is followed by a QRS complex.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q18.uestion: Which solution is "Hypotonic" and causes cells to swell?
A. 0.9% Normal Saline
B. Lactated Ringer's
C. 0.45% Sodium Chloride
D. 5% Dextrose in Normal Saline
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. 0.45% NaCl (Half-Normal Saline) has a lower osmolarity than plasma, causing water to move into the cells (rehydration). 0.9% NaCl and Lactated Ringer's are Isotonic.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q19.uestion: During CPR, the drug Epinephrine is administered primarily to:
A. Correct Acidosis
B. Reduce intracranial pressure
C. Vasoconstrict peripheral vessels and increase coronary perfusion
D. Treat Hypoglycemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Epinephrine stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction which shunts blood to the heart and brain, increasing perfusion pressure during cardiac arrest.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q20.uestion: "Tetany" (involuntary muscle contractions) is caused by:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Low calcium levels increase neuronal membrane permeability to sodium, leading to spontaneous depolarization and sustained muscle contraction (Tetany).
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q21.uestion: The normal range for Serum Magnesium is:
A. 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/L
B. 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
C. 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL
D. 135 – 145 mEq/L
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Magnesium is a trace mineral with a normal range of roughly 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (or 1.8-2.6 mg/dL). It is vital for enzyme function and muscle relaxation.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q22.uestion: Which ECG change is seen in "Acute Pericarditis"?
A. Diffuse ST-segment elevation in all leads
B. ST-segment depression
C. Pathological Q waves
D. Tall T waves
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Unlike MI (localized elevation), Pericarditis typically shows widespread (diffuse) concave ST-segment elevation across most leads due to generalized inflammation of the pericardium.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q23.uestion: The normal duration of one small square on a standard ECG paper running at 25 mm/sec is:
A. 0.04 seconds
B. 0.10 seconds
C. 0.20 seconds
D. 1.0 second
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct because standard ECG paper speed is 25 mm/sec. Each small box is 1 mm, which represents 0.04 seconds. One large box (5 small boxes) represents 0.20 seconds (Option C).
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q24.uestion: Which electrolyte imbalance is a major risk for a patient with a Nasogastric (NG) tube attached to low intermittent suction?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Metabolic Acidosis
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: D
Rationale: Answer D is correct because gastric secretions are rich in potassium and hydrogen ions. Suctioning removes these, leading to Hypokalemia and Metabolic Alkalosis. Option C is incorrect; suction causes alkalosis, not acidosis.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q25.uestion: In an ECG, the QRS complex primarily represents:
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Ventricular repolarization
C. Ventricular depolarization
D. Atrial repolarization
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because the QRS complex corresponds to the spread of electrical impulse through the ventricles (depolarization), leading to contraction. Option A is the P wave. Option B is the T wave.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q26.uestion: A patient is receiving Magnesium Sulfate therapy. Which finding indicates magnesium toxicity?
A. Absence of Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)
B. Hyperactive reflexes
C. Hypertension
D. Tachycardia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Magnesium acts as a CNS depressant. The first sign of toxicity is the loss of patellar reflexes (DTRs), followed by respiratory depression. Option B (Hyperactive reflexes) is seen in Hypomagnesemia.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q27.uestion: The presence of a "Saw-tooth" pattern of P waves (F waves) on an ECG is diagnostic for:
A. Atrial Fibrillation
B. Atrial Flutter
C. Ventricular Tachycardia
D. Premature Ventricular Contractions
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Atrial Flutter presents with regular, saw-tooth shaped flutter waves (F waves) usually at a rate of 250-350 bpm. Atrial Fibrillation (Option A) shows a chaotic, irregular baseline with no discernible P waves.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q28.uestion: What is the normal serum range for Sodium?
A. 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
B. 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL
C. 135 – 145 mEq/L
D. 98 – 106 mEq/L
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Sodium is the major extracellular cation with a strict normal range of 135-145 mEq/L. Option A is Potassium. Option B is Calcium. Option D is Chloride.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q29.uestion: When placing ECG leads, the V4 electrode is positioned at the:
A. 4th Intercostal space, right sternal border
B. 5th Intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line
C. 5th Intercostal space, anterior axillary line
D. 4th Intercostal space, left sternal border
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. V4 is placed at the intersection of the 5th intercostal space and the left mid-clavicular line. Option A is V1. Option D is V2. Option C is V5.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q30.uestion: The appearance of a prominent "U wave" following the T wave on an ECG is classically associated with:
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyperkalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Hypokalemia (Low Potassium) delays ventricular repolarization, often causing the emergence of a U wave. Hyperkalemia (Option D) causes peaked T waves.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q31.uestion: Which clinical sign is elicited by tapping the facial nerve anterior to the earlobe, resulting in a twitch of the facial muscles?
A. Trousseau's sign
B. Chvostek's sign
C. Homan's sign
D. Kernig's sign
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Chvostek's sign is a classic indicator of Hypocalcemia (low serum calcium). Option A (Trousseau's) is also for hypocalcemia but involves the BP cuff. Option C is for DVT. Option D is for meningitis.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q32.uestion: In a normal ECG, the PR interval represents the time taken for the impulse to travel from the SA node to the ventricles. What is its normal duration?
A. 0.04 to 0.10 seconds
B. 0.06 to 0.12 seconds
C. 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
D. 0.20 to 0.40 seconds
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. The normal PR interval is 0.12 to 0.20 seconds (3 to 5 small squares). A duration longer than 0.20 seconds indicates a First-Degree Heart Block.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q33.uestion: Which of the following is the most dangerous complication of administering Potassium Chloride (KCl) via direct IV push?
A. Cardiac Arrest
B. Respiratory Depression
C. Renal Failure
D. Pulmonary Edema
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Never give Potassium IV push. It causes immediate, fatal cardiac arrhythmias (Cardiac Arrest) due to sudden hyperkalemia affecting the heart's electrical conduction. It must always be diluted and infused slowly.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q34.uestion: The "Saw-tooth" pattern on an ECG is characteristic of Atrial Flutter. However, a chaotic, wavy baseline with no discernible P waves indicates:
A. Sinus Tachycardia
B. Ventricular Tachycardia
C. First Degree Block
D. Atrial Fibrillation
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: D
Rationale: Answer D is correct. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is characterized by an irregular rhythm and the absence of distinct P waves, replaced by fibrillatory waves. This carries a high risk of clot formation.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q35.uestion: A patient presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L. This condition is known as:
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Hyponatremia is defined as Serum Sodium < 135 mEq/L. Severe hyponatremia (<125 0.04="" 0.04s="" 0.06="" 0.08="" 0.10="" 0.12="" 0.20="" 0.24="" 0.45="" 0.9="" 1.5="" 10.5="" 100="" 10="" 12-lead="" 135="" 145="" 1="" 2.5="" 3.5="" 300="" 3="" 4th="" 5.0="" 5.1="" 5="" 5th="" 6="" 7.5="" 8.5="" 90="" a.="" a="" absence="" absent="" absorption.="" achycardia="" acid="" acidosis.="" activity.="" activity="" actor="" acts="" actual="" adenosine="" administer="" administered="" administering:="" administration="" affects="" aline="" alkalosis="" all="" an="" and="" answer:="" answer="" anticipate="" are="" arm="" arrest="" arrhythmia.="" arrhythmia="" as:="" as="" asix="" associated="" asystole="" at="" athological="" atrial="" atropine="" augmented="" av="" avf="" avl="" avr="" ayexalate="" b.="" b="" back="" bags="" balance="" baseline="" be="" beats="" because="" bed="" beginning="" between="" bicarbonate="" bind="" binding="" bipolar="" bleeding="" block="" blocks="" blood="" blows="" body.="" body="" border="" bounding="" boxes="" bpm="" bradycardia="" branch="" breathing="" bundle="" but="" by:="" by="" c.="" c="" calcium.="" calcium="" can="" carbonic="" cardiac="" cardioversion="" cascade="" cation-exchange="" cation.="" cation="" cause="" causes="" causing="" cautiously="" cell="" cells="" cerebral="" chaotic="" characterized="" chest="" chloride="" choice="" citrate="" classic="" clinical="" clotting="" co2="" coagulation="" coma.="" common="" commonly="" compensate="" complex="" complexes="" complication.="" condition.="" condition="" conduction="" confusion="" consecutive="" considered="" consistently="" contribute="" converting="" copd="" correct.="" correct="" counting="" cpr="" cramps="" critical="" current="" d.="" d5w="" d="" de="" dead="" decrease="" decreasing="" deep="" deeper="" defibrillation="" deficiency="" deficit="" defined="" degree="" dehydration="" delay="" denosine="" depolarization="" depression="" develop:="" dextrose="" diagnosis="" digoxin="" distended="" distinct="" diuretics="" dividing="" dl.="" dl="" does="" drives="" drops="" drug="" duration="" dysrhythmias.="" e.g.="" ecg="" edema="" effective="" effectively="" efibrillation="" ehydration="" electrical="" electrode="" electrolyte="" elevation="" emergency="" end="" enhances="" epinephrine="" espiratory="" essential="" eutral="" even="" excess="" excessive="" exchanging="" excitability="" excrete="" excreting="" extracellular="" extrose="" failure.="" failure="" faster="" feces.="" fibrillation="" finding="" first-degree="" flat="" flow="" fluctuate="" fluid="" fluids="" following="" for="" from="" generally="" given="" gluconate="" greater="" ground="" gut="" hallmark="" has="" have="" heart.="" heart="" helps="" heparin="" hest="" high="" hock="" horizontal="" hr="300/3" hydration="" hypercalcemia.="" hypercalcemia="" hyperkalemia.="" hyperkalemia="" hypermagnesemia="" hypernatremia="" hypertonic.="" hypertonic="" hypertrophy="" hyperventilation="" hypocalcemia="" hypoglycemia.="" hypokalemia="" hypomagnesemia="" hyponatremia="" hypophosphatemia="" hypotension="" hypotonic.="" hypotonic="" i="" ib="" ics="" if="" ii="" iii="" imbalance="" immediate="" implement="" important="" in="" increase="" increased="" increases="" increasing="" indicates:="" indicates="" indicating="" infarction.="" infarction="" injury="" inside="" insulin="" intercostal="" interference="" interval.="" interval="" intervals="" intervention="" intestines="" into="" intracellular="" inverse="" inversion="" involves="" irregular="" is:="" is="" ischemia.="" ischemia="" isolation="" isotonic.="" it="" iv="" k="" kayexalate="" kidneys="" known="" large="" lead="" leading="" leads.="" leads="" left="" leg="" less="" lethal="" level="" levels.="" levels="" life-threatening="" likely="" limb="" line="" lkalosis="" loop="" low="" lower="" luid="" magnesium="" maintain="" maintained="" major="" making="" manifestations="" margin="" measured="" medication="" meq="" method="" mg="" mid-axillary="" mid-clavicular="" minimize="" monitoring="" most="" multiple="" muscle="" myocardial="" nacl="" narrow="" neck="" necrosis="" needles="" neuromuscular="" no="" node="" normal="" normally="" not="" number="" nurse="" nxiety="" of:="" of="" off="" often="" old="" on="" only="" opioid="" option="" options="" or="" orally="" ormal="" orsades="" osmolarity="" output.="" output="" outside="" overdose="" overload.="" ow="" p="" paralysis="" paresthesia="" paroxysmal="" part="" past="" pathologic="" patient="" ph="" phosphate="" phosphorus="" pins="" placed="" plasma="" pointes="" polymorphic="" polystyrene="" potassium.="" potassium="" pr="" precaution="" precautions="" precordial="" precordium="" predisposing="" present="" pressure="" prevents="" primary="" priority="" progress="" prolonged="" prolongs="" protects="" prothrombin="" provide="" ption="" pulmonary="" pulse="" pulseless="" pump.="" push.="" q="" qrs="" qt="" question:="" r-r="" r="" raise="" range="" rapid="" rapidly="" rate="" rationale:="" 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Every P wave is followed by a QRS complex.
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Q36.uestion: Which solution is "Hypotonic" and causes cells to swell?
A. 0.9% Normal Saline
B. Lactated Ringer's
C. 0.45% Sodium Chloride
D. 5% Dextrose in Normal Saline
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. 0.45% NaCl (Half-Normal Saline) has a lower osmolarity than plasma, causing water to move into the cells (rehydration). 0.9% NaCl and Lactated Ringer's are Isotonic.
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Q37.uestion: During CPR, the drug Epinephrine is administered primarily to:
A. Correct Acidosis
B. Reduce intracranial pressure
C. Vasoconstrict peripheral vessels and increase coronary perfusion
D. Treat Hypoglycemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct. Epinephrine stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction which shunts blood to the heart and brain, increasing perfusion pressure during cardiac arrest.
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Q38.uestion: "Tetany" (involuntary muscle contractions) is caused by:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct. Low calcium levels increase neuronal membrane permeability to sodium, leading to spontaneous depolarization and sustained muscle contraction (Tetany).
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q39.uestion: The normal range for Serum Magnesium is:
A. 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/L
B. 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
C. 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL
D. 135 – 145 mEq/L
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Magnesium is a trace mineral with a normal range of roughly 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L (or 1.8-2.6 mg/dL). It is vital for enzyme function and muscle relaxation.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
Q40.uestion: Which ECG change is seen in "Acute Pericarditis"?
A. Diffuse ST-segment elevation in all leads
B. ST-segment depression
C. Pathological Q waves
D. Tall T waves
View Answer & Rationale
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer A is correct. Unlike MI (localized elevation), Pericarditis typically shows widespread (diffuse) concave ST-segment elevation across most leads due to generalized inflammation of the pericardium.
Source: www.logyanlo.in
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Frequently Asked Questions (ECG & Electrolytes)
Q1: What are the classic ECG changes seen in Hyperkalemia?
Ans: The earliest sign is Tall, Peaked T-waves. As potassium levels rise further, you may see a prolonged PR interval, widened QRS complex, and eventually Cardiac Arrest.
Q2: How do you assess for Trousseau's Sign in Hypocalcemia?
Ans: Inflate a BP cuff on the upper arm to 20 mmHg above systolic pressure for 3 minutes. If Carpal Spasm (flexion of the wrist and thumb) occurs, it is a positive Trousseau's sign indicating low calcium.
Q3: What does a "U Wave" on an ECG indicate?
Ans: A prominent U Wave (seen after the T wave) typically indicates Hypokalemia (low potassium levels).
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